By K. Javier. Life University.
A num ber of organisations now produce evidence based inform ation leaflets for patients; for exam ple proven levitra plus 400 mg, the "Effectiveness m atters" series based on the Effective health care bulletin from the Centre for 186 IM PLEM EN TIN G EVID EN CE BASED FIN D IN G S Reviews and D issem ination inYork buy levitra plus 400 mg without prescription,33 the M ID IRS booklet Through the maze,34 which is based, am ong other sources, on the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth D atabase, or the leaflet by the charity D iabetes U K "W hat diabetic care to expect". M ore com m only, they involve introducing barriers to undesired practice (such as requiring the approval of a specialist when ordering certain tests) or reducing barriers to desired practice (such as altering order form s to reflect the preferred dosing interval for antibiotics). Such strategies, however, m ay run counter to the philosophy of involving professionals in setting standards and gaining their ownership of the changes. In addition, whilst the evidence that adm inistrative and financial strategies achieve changes in behaviour is strong, these changes m ay generate m uch resented "hassle" and are not always translated into desired patient outcom es. As Oxm an and colleagues concluded after reviewing 102 published studies on different ways to influence the behaviour of clinicians, "There are no ‘m agic bullets’ for im proving the quality of health care, but there is a wide range of interventions available that, if used appropriately, could lead to im portant im provem ents in professional practice and patient outcom es. These include: • G RiPP (G etting Research into Practice and Purchasing), led by the Anglia and Oxford Regional H ealth Authority46 • PACE (Prom oting Action on Clinical Effectiveness), led by the King’s Fund47 • PLIP (Purchaser Led Im plem entation Projects), led by the N orth Tham es Regional Office. G RiPP included the use of steroids in preterm delivery, the m anagem ent of services 188 IM PLEM EN TIN G EVID EN CE BASED FIN D IN G S for stroke patients, the use of dilatation and curettage (D & C) in wom en with heavy periods, and insertion of grom m ets into children with glue ear. The 12 PACE projects included initiatives to im prove hypertension m anagem ent by G Ps and leg ulcer care within an acute hospital. The PLIP projects were sim ilarly topic based initiatives, including prom oting secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in prim ary care and introduction of guidelines for the eradication of the ulcer causing bacterium H. Prerequisites for im plem enting changes in clinical practice are nationally available research evidence and clear, robust and local justification for change. There should be consultation and involvement of all interested parties, led by a respected product cham pion. Information about current practice and the effect of change needs to be available. Practitioners believe there is no need to change and/or that their practice is already evidence based. Stakeholders have other dem ands on their energies, such as reducing waiting lists or dealing with specific com plaints. H ealth outcom es are notoriously difficult to m easure, yet m any stakeholders m istakenly seek to m easure the success of the project in term s of bottom line health gains. U nfam iliar skills m ay be needed for effective clinical practice, such as those for searching and critical appraisal of research. M em bers of different disciplines m ay not be used to working together in a collaborative fashion.
During a case of redness and one of swelling would be session:givingimmunisations cheap levitra plus 400 mg mastercard. Arandomisedcontrolledtrialofdifferentneedlelengthsonthe incidence of local reactions when administering the combined injection both length (16 v 25 mm) and bore (25 v 23 gauge) purchase levitra plus 400mg on-line, we ofdiphtheria/pertussis/tetanus(DPT)andHaemophilusinfluenzaetype cannot know which of these factors determined the b (Hib) to infants at 4-months of age [dissertation]. However, previous studies comparing injections injection for booster DT vaccination of adolescents. Localadverseeffectsofmeningo- intramuscular) with the same gauge needle have coccalvaccine. Formulate an answerable question, either from a Cochrane systematic review, another high quality review question. Track down the best the results of the search apply to your individual patient using your own clinical evidence of outcomes expertise and the values and preferences of the patient. Critically appraise the Te questions that you should ask before you decide to apply the results of the evidence (ie find out how study to your patient are: good it is). Apply the evidence (integrate the results with • Is my patient so different to those in the study that the results cannot clinical expertise and apply? Evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the • Will the potential benefits of treatment outweigh the potential harms of process (to improve next treatment for my patient? Tis is sometimes called the ‘external validity’, or ‘generalisability’ of the research results. Although this step is usually given as Step 4, which implies that it is done after Step 3 (Critical appraisal), it is entirely up to you which order you approach these two steps. For example, you will not want to waste time doing a critical appraisal of a study if it obviously will not apply in your clinical setting. On the other hand, you equally will not want to waste time working out the applicability of a study, only to find that it is a poor study. Tere is no easy answer to this — you will probably need to work it out on a case-by-case basis.
