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This atlas uses a combi- and form mental images to more clearly understand CNS nation of complete words and abbreviations that are clearly relationships cheap diltiazem 60mg mastercard, this method seems especially useful order diltiazem 60 mg on-line. References: In response to suggestions made by those using this book Bruxton, RB. Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance over the years, the number of abbreviations in the sixth edi- Imaging, Principles and Techniques. Cambridge: Cambridge tion has been reduced, and the number of labels using the University Press, 2002. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed To- plete names and abbreviations have been used together in nd mography of the Head and Spine. Cranial MRI plete name, but the same structure in the accompanying and CT. New York: McGraw-Hill Health Profes- MRI is labeled with a corresponding abbreviation (see sions Division, 1999. CHAPTER 2 External Morphology of the Central Nervous System 10 External Morphology of the Central Nervous System Posterior View C2 Posterior root (PR) Posterior spinal Dura artery Arachnoid C3 PR Denticulate ligament C4 PR Posterior spinal medullary artery C5 PR Anterior View C2 Anterior root (AR) Dura Denticulate ligament C3 AR Arachnoid Anterior spinal medullary artery C4 AR Anterior spinal artery C5 AR 2-1 Posterior (upper) and anterior (lower) views showing the gen- Figure 2-3 on facing page) follow their respective roots. The dura and spinal artery is found medial to the entering posterior rootlets (and the arachnoid are reflected, and the pia is intimately adherent to the spinal dorsolateral sulcus), while the anterior spinal artery is in the anterior cord and rootlets. Posterior and anterior spinal medullary arteries (see median fissure (see also Figure 2-2, facing page). The Spinal Cord 11 Posterior View Sulci: Posterior median Posterior intermediate Posterolateral C7 Posterior root Spinal (posterior root) ganglion Fasciculus gracilis Fasciculus cuneatus Anterior View Anterior spinal artery C7 Anterior root Anterior radicular artery Anterior funiculus Anterior median fissure 2-2 Posterior (upper) and anterior (lower) views showing details of the spinal cord as seen in the C7 segment. The posterior (dorsal) root ganglion is partially covered by dura and connective tissue. Posterior spinal arteries Arterial vasocorona Basilar artery Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries Vertebral arteries Anterior spinal artery Posterior spinal medullary artery Posterior radicular artery (on dorsal root) Sulcal arteries Anterior spinal medullary artery Anterior radicular artery (on ventral root) Segmental artery 2-3 Semidiagrammatic representation showing the origin and gen- medullary arteries) arise at intermittent levels and serve to augment eral location of principal arteries supplying the spinal cord.
The A1 segment is lo- space (such as vessels or cranial nerve roots buy diltiazem 60mg on-line, including the oculo- cated between the internal carotid and anterior communicating motor nerve) appear grey to black against a white background discount diltiazem 60 mg online. Answer B: The glomus choroideum is found in the atrium of the T1-weighted MRI images. This part of the choroid plexus is rostrally contin- obvious parts of the subarachnoid space, appear black. Changes in uous with that in the body of the lateral ventricle and continuous ventricular shape (i. The roof of the sulci, or even subarachnoid space, most likely represent a poten- third ventricle has a small portion of choroid plexus that is contin- tially serious clinical issue. Answer E: Patients who experience rupture of an intracranial aneurysm frequently complain of an intense, sudden headache 29. Answer E: Trauma is the most common cause of subarachnoid (“the most horrible headache I have ever had”). The most common cause of spontaneous (also subarachnoid space will appear white to very white on CT. This called nontraumatic) SAH is bleeding from a ruptured aneurysm will contrast with the medium grey of the brain and the black of (about 75% of all spontaneous cases). The degree of white nous malformation (AVM) is an infrequent cause of SAH (about may vary somewhat, based on the relative concentration of blood, 5% of cases), and bleeding from brain tumors into the subarach- from very white (concentrated blood) to white (mostly blood, noid space is rare. Meningiomas are usually slow-growing tumors some CSF), to very light grey (mixture of blood and CSF). Answer D: The prepontine cistern is located external to the olivary sulcus of the medulla immediately (and laterally) adjacent basilar pons and contains the abducens nerve, basilar artery, ori- to the pyramid. The abducens nerve exits in line with the preoli- gin of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery, and small perforating vary sulcus, but, at the caudal edge of the pons, and the trigemi- arteries and veins. The ambient cistern is located on the lateral as- nal nerve exits the lateral aspect of the pons. The vagus nerve ex- pect of the midbrain and contains the trochlear nerve and several its the lateral aspect of the medulla via the postolivary sulcus, and major arteries. The premedullary cistern is located at the anterior the facial nerve in line with this sulcus, but at the pons-medulla surface of the medulla and contains the anterior spinal artery. Answer E: Approximately one-half of cases of bacterial menin- tern contains the trigeminal, facial, and vestibulocochlear nerves gitis in adults are caused by S.
The predictive value of simple rules for combining two diagnostic tests buy diltiazem 60mg low cost. Comparing dichotomous screening tests when individuals negative on both tests are not verified order diltiazem 180mg with visa. ROC curve regression analysis: the use of ordinal regression models for diagnostic test assessment. Ordinal regression methodology for ROC curves derived from correlated data. Regression modelling of diagnostic likelihood ratios for the evaluation of medical diagnostic tests. A marginal regression modelling framework for evaluating medical diagnostic tests. Cultural invariance of likelihood ratios for the General Health Questionnaire. Prognostic predictors of coma transferable from one setting to another in SR. An empirical study of the effect of the control rate as a predictor of treatment efficacy in meta-analysis of clinical trials. Introduction After the painstaking job of collecting, computerising and cleaning diagnostic data, we enter the exciting phase of analysing and interpreting these data and assessing the clinical implications of the results. It would be a pity if all the effort put into the research were not to be crowned with a sound analysis and interpretation. We will study the classic test performance measures introduced in Chapter 1: sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, likelihood ratio, and error rate, first for dichotomous tests and later, for continuous tests, including the possibility of dichotomisation, with its quest for cut-off values. Next, Bayes’ theorem for the relationship between pretest and post-test probability of disease is discussed, followed by decision analytical considerations. For generalisation of the one-test situation to diagnostic conclusions based on many diagnostic test results, there will be a discussion on logistic regression and its link with Bayes’ theorem.
