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The ischial tuberosity is the bony projection that supports the weight of the body in the Thigh sitting position order imitrex 25mg without prescription. Skeletal System: The © The McGraw−Hill Anatomy 25mg imitrex, Sixth Edition Appendicular Skeleton Companies, 2001 184 Unit 4 Support and Movement Head of femur Greater trochanter Greater trochanter Fovea capitis femoris Intertrochanteric crest Intertrochanteric line Neck of femur Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Body of femur Lateral epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Intercondylar fossa Patellar surface Medial condyle Lateral condyle (a) (b) FIGURE 7. Femur The body of the femur has a slight medial curve to bring the knee joint in line with the body’s plane of gravity. The body of the femur has several distinguishing features femur articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxae. On the proximolateral side of the body is roughened shallow pit, the fovea capitis femoris, is present in the greater trochanter, and on the medial side is the lesser the lower center of the head of the femur. It Lateral also articulates both proximally and distally with the fibula. Two epicondyle of femur slightly concave surfaces on the proximal end of the tibia, the medial and lateral condyles (fig. The condyles are separated by a slight up- Patella ward projection called the intercondylar eminence, which pro- vides attachment for the cruciate ligaments of the knee joint (see Head of figs. The tibial tuberosity, for attachment of the tibia patellar ligament, is located on the proximoanterior part of the Tibia body of the tibia. The anterior crest, commonly called the “shin,” is a sharp ridge along the anterior surface of the body. A fibu- lar notch, for articulation with the fibula, is located on the disto- FIGURE 7. In that the tibia is the weight-bearing bone of the leg, it is much larger than the fibula. The patellar surface is located between the condyles on fibula articulates with the proximolateral end of the tibia. Above the condyles on the lateral and medial distal end has a prominent knob called the lateral malleolus. Both processes can be seen as prominent surface features and are easily palpated.
Radiol Clin North Am of arthritic pain is associated with a joint effusion discount imitrex 50 mg visa. The 42(1):121-134 correct diagnosis is established by the identification of 3 generic imitrex 25mg otc. Bohndorf K, Imhof H, Pope TL (2001) Musculoskeletal Imaging: A concise multimodality approach. Radiol Clin North Am 42(1):151-168 The joints most commonly involved are the knee, the 5. Semin radiocarpal joints of the wrist, the MCP joints of the Musculoskelet Radiol 7(2):155-159 hand, the shoulder, and the hip. Radiol Clin North Am 42(1):11-41 cur in this disorder, termed pyrophosphate arthropathy, 7. Klecker RJ, Weissman BN (2003) Imaging features of psoriat- resemble osteoarthritis, with joint-space narrowing, bone ic arthritis and Reiter’s syndrome. Semin Musculoskelet sclerorsis, osteophytes, and subchondral cyst formation. Radiol 7(2):115-126 The unusual distribution of these findings and the pres- 8. Radiol ence of chondrocalcinosis allow a specific diagnosis to Clin North Am 42(1):169-184 be made. Steinbach LS (2004) Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and calcium hydroxyapatite crystal deposition diseases: imaging second and third MCP joints, is characteristic of this dis- perspectives. Radiol Clin North Am 42(1):89-107 IDKD 2005 Special Aspects of Musculoskeletal Imaging in Children* D. Sebag2 1 Division of Pediatric Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 2 Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Robert Debré; Faculté de Médecine Lariboisière-Saint-Louis, Université Paris, France The Changing Skeleton of the Child juries before ten years of age. A femoral fracture heals in one week in In children, the skeleton undergoes multiple changes with the newborn, four weeks in the 5-year-old, eight weeks in age. These age-related transformations determine the pat- the 10-year-old, three months in the adolescent, and more terns of injury or disease and their imaging findings.
There are over 30 named sutures in the skull discount imitrex 25 mg line, even (tooth socket) of the bone (fig buy imitrex 50mg otc. Review these illustrations and make note of the bones flammation and degeneration of the gum, periodontal liga- that articulate to form the sutures identified. Periodontal dis- during growth of the skull, but in the adult it generally becomes totally ease may be caused by poor oral hygiene, compacted teeth (poor ossified. For example, the frontal bone forms as two separate compo- alignment), or local irritants, such as impacted food, chewing to- nents (see fig. Fractures of the skull are fairly common in an adult but much less so in a child. The skull of a child is resilient to blows be- Knowledge Check cause of the nature of the bone and the layer of fibrous connective tissue within the sutures. In what way does the structure of a syndesmosis permit it to move slightly? Articulations © The McGraw−Hill Anatomy, Sixth Edition Companies, 2001 Chapter 8 Articulations 199 CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS Enamel Cartilaginous joints allow limited movement in response to twisting or compression. The two types of cartilaginous joints are symphy- Crown ses and synchondroses. Dentin Objective 6 Describe the structure of a symphysis and indicate where symphyses occur. Dental pulp (in pulp cavity) Objective 7 Describe the structure of a synchondrosis and Gingiva indicate where synchondroses occur. This pad cush- alveolus Cementum ions the joint and allows limited movement. The symphysis pubis and the intervertebral joints formed by the intervertebral Root discs (fig. Although only limited motion is possible at each intervertebral joint, the combined Dental vessels movement of all of the joints of the vertebral column results in and nerve extensive spinal action. Articulations © The McGraw−Hill Anatomy, Sixth Edition Companies, 2001 200 Unit 4 Support and Movement Synchondroses that do not ossify as a person ages are those Proximal epiphysis of humerus that connect the bones of the floor and sides of the cranium and include the joints between the occipital, sphenoid, temporal, and Proximal epiphyseal plate (site of synchondrotic joint) ethmoid bones.
These conditions or agents pro- On the output side cheap imitrex 25mg otc, losses of water occur via the skin imitrex 25 mg cheap, lungs, duce a decline in urine output and more concentrated urine. We always lose water by Ethanol and atrial natriuretic peptide inhibit AVP release, simple evaporation from the skin and lungs; this is called in- leading to the excretion of a large volume of dilute urine. The main factor controlling AVP release under ordinary Appreciable water loss from the skin, in the form of circumstances is a change in plasma osmolality. When plasma osmolality rises, neu- Sweat, which is a hypoosmotic fluid, contains NaCl; exces- rons called osmoreceptor cells, located in the anterior hy- sive sweating can lead to significant losses of salt. This stimulates the nearby neurons in trointestinal losses of water are normally small (see Table 24. The kidneys are the sites of adjustment of water output Supraoptic nucleus from the body. Renal water excretion changes to maintain Posterior Anterior hypothalamus hypothalamus balance. If there is a water deficiency, the kidneys diminish the excretion of water and urine output falls. If there is wa- Hypothalamic neurohypophyseal ter excess, the kidneys increase water excretion and urine Optic tract flow to remove the extra water. The renal excretion of wa- chiasm Hypophyseal ter is controlled by arginine vasopressin. Chil- Median eminence Mammillary dren have, for their body weight, a larger body surface area body Pars tuberalis Pars Central Daily Water Balance in an Average intermedia cavity TABLE 24. AVP is syn- Water in beverages 1,000 mL Skin and lungs 900 mL thesized primarily in the supraoptic nucleus and Water in food 1,200 mL Gastrointestinal 100 mL to a lesser extent in the paraventricular nuclei in the anterior hypo- Water of oxidation 300 mL tract (feces) thalamus. It is then transported down the hypothalamic neurohy- Kidneys (urine) 1,500 mL pophyseal tract and stored in vesicles in the median eminence and Total 2,500 mL Total 2,500 mL posterior pituitary, where it can be released into the blood. CHAPTER 24 The Regulation of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 409 Thirst volume. An increased blood volume inhibits AVP release, whereas a decreased blood volume (hypovolemia) stimu- lates AVP release.
